High Sensitivity Troponin is a blood test used to detect very small amounts of cardiac troponin released with myocardial (heart muscle) injury. It is a diagnostic test in cardiology and emergency medicine, most often used when evaluating chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It supports early diagnosis and risk stratification for myocardial infarction (MI), alongside the electrocardiogram (ECG) and clinical assessment. It can also be elevated in non-ischemic conditions, so results must be interpreted in context.

A Cardiac Biomarker Panel is a set of blood tests used to detect and monitor heart-related injury, stress, or inflammation. It is a diagnostic test in clinical cardiology and emergency medicine, not an anatomic structure or a procedure. It is commonly used in the evaluation of chest pain, suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and acute dyspnea. Results are interpreted alongside the electrocardiogram (ECG), symptoms, and imaging such as echocardiography.

GRACE Score is a clinical risk stratification tool used in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). It estimates the probability of death and other adverse outcomes using bedside clinical data. It is most commonly applied in emergency and inpatient cardiology for unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It supports decisions about monitoring intensity and invasive versus conservative strategies.

TIMI Score is a clinical risk-stratification tool used in cardiology. It estimates short-term risk in patients with suspected or confirmed acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It is most commonly applied in unstable angina (UA) and non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and there is also a version for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). It helps clinicians communicate risk and choose an appropriate evaluation and treatment pathway.

HAS BLED Score is a clinical risk score that estimates bleeding risk in patients considered for oral anticoagulation. It is used in cardiology as a risk stratification tool, most often in atrial fibrillation (AF). The score summarizes common bleeding risk factors into a single, structured checklist. It is commonly applied when balancing stroke prevention against bleeding risk during anticoagulant decision-making.

CHA2DS2 VASc Score is a clinical risk stratification tool used to estimate thromboembolic stroke risk. It is most commonly applied in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter. It summarizes common cardiovascular risk factors into a point-based score. It helps standardize discussions about stroke prevention strategies in routine care.

Framingham Risk Score is a clinical risk prediction tool used to estimate future cardiovascular risk. It is most commonly applied to primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in outpatient care. The score combines basic patient factors (such as age, blood pressure, lipids, and smoking) into a single risk estimate. It is used in cardiology and general medicine to support risk stratification and preventive discussions.

Cardiac Risk Assessment is the structured process of estimating a person’s likelihood of having a cardiovascular event or complication. It is a clinical framework used in diagnosis and risk stratification rather than a single anatomy topic or one specific test. It commonly informs preventive cardiology, chest pain evaluation, perioperative planning, and long-term disease management. It integrates history, exam, labs, electrocardiography (ECG), imaging, and validated risk scores when appropriate.

Plaque Burden is a measure of how much atherosclerotic plaque is present in an artery or vascular territory. It describes overall disease extent rather than a single focal narrowing. It is used in cardiovascular pathology and imaging, especially in coronary artery disease (CAD). It commonly appears in risk stratification, diagnostic interpretation, and longitudinal follow-up.

Coronary Calcium Score is a number derived from a non-contrast, electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated cardiac computed tomography (CT) scan. It estimates the burden of calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries. It is a diagnostic test used for cardiovascular risk stratification rather than for acute diagnosis. It is commonly used in preventive cardiology to refine the likelihood of future coronary artery disease (CAD) events.