Aortic Stenosis is narrowing of the aortic valve opening that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It is a valvular heart disease discussed in cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It is commonly assessed with physical examination and echocardiography. It is a frequent reason for long-term follow-up and, in selected cases, valve intervention.

Coarctation of Aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta. It is an anatomic cardiovascular disease that alters normal blood flow and pressure. It is commonly discussed in pediatric cardiology, adult congenital heart disease, and emergency care. It is assessed with physical examination and cardiovascular imaging, and it may be treated with catheter-based or surgical approaches.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic congenital heart disease defined by four related structural heart defects. It is primarily an anatomic and physiologic diagnosis discussed in pediatric cardiology, adult congenital heart disease, and cardiothoracic surgery. It commonly presents in infancy but has lifelong implications after repair. It is frequently evaluated with echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and cross-sectional imaging.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a congenital cardiovascular condition in which the fetal ductus arteriosus remains open after birth. It is primarily an anatomic and physiologic problem involving abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. It is commonly discussed in neonatal care, pediatric cardiology, and adult congenital heart disease practice. It is evaluated mainly with clinical examination and echocardiography, and may be managed conservatively, medically, or with closure procedures.

A Ventricular Septal Defect is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the right and left ventricles.

Atrial Septal Defect is a congenital heart defect with an opening in the atrial septum (the wall between the right and left atria). It is an anatomic diagnosis that can cause abnormal blood flow (a shunt) between the atria. It is commonly discussed in cardiology, pediatrics, adult congenital heart disease, and cardiothoracic surgery. It is most often identified and followed using echocardiography as part of routine assessment or evaluation of symptoms.

A Septal Defect is an opening in the wall (septum) that separates the heart’s chambers. It is a structural cardiac abnormality within congenital heart disease and, less commonly, acquired disease. It is most often discussed in cardiology, pediatrics, adult congenital cardiology, and cardiothoracic surgery. It is commonly evaluated with echocardiography and hemodynamic assessment.

Congenital Heart Disease refers to structural or functional heart abnormalities present from birth. It is primarily an anatomic and developmental category of cardiovascular disease. It is commonly discussed in pediatrics, cardiology, cardiac surgery, and adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) care. It is evaluated using clinical examination and cardiac imaging such as echocardiography.

Rheumatic Heart Disease is chronic heart valve damage that can follow acute rheumatic fever. It is a cardiovascular disease process involving cardiac anatomy, especially the valves. It is most often discussed in clinical cardiology, internal medicine, pediatrics, and global health. It is commonly evaluated with physical examination and echocardiography.

Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (the endocardium), most often caused by infection. It is a cardiovascular disease entity centered on the cardiac valves and adjacent structures. It is commonly discussed in cardiology, infectious diseases, emergency medicine, and cardiothoracic surgery.