ACE Inhibitors are medications that reduce the activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). They are a pharmacologic therapy used in cardiovascular and renal medicine. They are commonly used for hypertension and heart failure, and after certain myocardial infarctions. They are prescribed in outpatient care and in selected inpatient settings.

Beta Blockers are medications that reduce the effects of adrenaline-like signals on the heart and blood vessels. They are a pharmacologic therapy used in cardiology, internal medicine, and perioperative care. They are commonly used to manage heart rhythm, blood pressure, angina, and certain forms of heart failure. They are also used in selected non-cardiac conditions where sympathetic (“fight-or-flight”) signaling is clinically relevant.

Heart Transplant is a surgical therapy that replaces a failing native heart with a donor heart. It is used in advanced cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery for selected patients with end-stage heart failure. It is most commonly discussed in the context of cardiomyopathy, refractory symptoms, and life-threatening hemodynamic compromise. It requires long-term follow-up and immunosuppression to reduce the risk of transplant rejection.

LVAD stands for left ventricular assist device. It is a mechanical circulatory support therapy that helps the left ventricle pump blood. It is used in advanced heart failure and sometimes in cardiogenic shock. It is most commonly managed in cardiology, advanced heart failure, and cardiothoracic surgery settings.

A Left Ventricular Assist Device is a mechanical pump that helps the left ventricle move blood into the aorta. It is a therapy used in advanced heart failure and cardiogenic shock. It supports circulation when native left ventricular function is insufficient. It is most commonly used in specialized heart failure, transplant, and cardiothoracic surgery programs.

TAVR stands for **transcatheter aortic valve replacement**. It is a **catheter-based procedure** used to treat selected patients with **aortic valve disease**, most commonly **severe aortic stenosis**. TAVR replaces the function of the native aortic valve with a **bioprosthetic valve** delivered through the vasculature. It is commonly used in structural heart programs involving cardiology, imaging, anesthesia, and cardiothoracic surgery.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement is a catheter-based procedure that replaces a diseased aortic valve with a prosthetic valve. It is a therapy used in structural heart disease, most commonly for aortic stenosis. It is performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory or hybrid operating room with imaging guidance. It is often discussed alongside surgical aortic valve replacement and heart-team decision-making.

Cryoablation is a therapeutic technique that intentionally freezes tissue to create a controlled lesion. In cardiology, it is most commonly used as a catheter-based or surgical method to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. The goal is to interrupt abnormal electrical pathways in the heart’s conduction system or isolate arrhythmia triggers. It is widely discussed in cardiac electrophysiology (EP), especially for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.

Radiofrequency Ablation is a procedure that uses heat generated by radiofrequency energy to create a small, controlled scar in tissue. In cardiology, it is primarily a therapeutic procedure used to treat cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). It is most commonly performed in a cardiac electrophysiology (EP) laboratory using catheter-based techniques. It may also be performed surgically as part of arrhythmia surgery in selected cases.

Ablation Therapy is a medical procedure that intentionally destroys or isolates small areas of tissue to treat disease. In cardiology, it most often targets abnormal electrical pathways in the heart that cause arrhythmias. It is a therapeutic intervention performed using catheter-based techniques, surgical approaches, or hybrid methods. It is commonly used in electrophysiology (EP) labs to manage conditions such as atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia.