Reperfusion Therapy is treatment aimed at restoring blood flow to tissue that is acutely ischemic (low blood flow). It is a therapeutic strategy most often used in acute coronary syndromes, especially ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Its goal is to reopen an occluded coronary artery and limit the extent of myocardial infarction (heart muscle death). It is delivered using catheter-based procedures, medications that dissolve clot, or surgery, depending on the case and setting.

Contrast Dye is a substance used to make blood vessels and organs more visible on medical imaging. It is most commonly used in diagnostic tests and procedures in radiology and cardiology. In cardiovascular care, it helps outline the coronary arteries, cardiac chambers, and great vessels. It is frequently used during coronary angiography, computed tomography (CT), and some echocardiography studies.

Sheath Insertion is the placement of a short tube (an introducer sheath) into a blood vessel to create stable vascular access. It is a procedural technique used in interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, and cardiothoracic critical care. It allows catheters, wires, and devices to enter and exit the vessel with less trauma and improved control. It is commonly performed for cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, and structural heart interventions.

Femoral Access is the placement of a needle, sheath, or catheter into the femoral artery and/or femoral vein. It is a procedural technique used to reach the central circulation for diagnosis or treatment. It is most commonly used in cardiology, interventional radiology, and critical care. It is frequently discussed in cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, and structural heart procedures.

Transradial Access is a vascular access approach that uses the radial artery at the wrist. It is a procedural technique in interventional cardiology and endovascular medicine. It is commonly used for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It can also be used for some peripheral and structural heart procedures, depending on case and equipment.

Dobutamine Stress Echo is a pharmacologic stress test that uses dobutamine and echocardiography to assess how the heart muscle performs under stress. It is a diagnostic test in cardiology focused on myocardial function, ischemia, and sometimes viability and valve hemodynamics. It is commonly used when a patient cannot exercise adequately for an exercise stress test. It is performed in outpatient cardiology labs and inpatient settings when appropriate monitoring is available.

A Pharmacologic Stress Test is a diagnostic test that “stresses” the heart using medication rather than exercise. It is used to evaluate for myocardial ischemia, commonly due to coronary artery disease (CAD). It is performed in cardiology and nuclear medicine labs, stress echocardiography suites, and some cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) settings. It is most often chosen when a patient cannot achieve an adequate exercise workload on a treadmill or bike.

An Exercise Stress Test is a cardiovascular diagnostic test performed while a patient exercises, most often on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. It evaluates how the heart responds to increased workload using electrocardiography (ECG) and vital sign monitoring. It is used in cardiology to assess symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease (CAD), exercise capacity, and selected rhythm or blood pressure responses. It is commonly performed in outpatient testing laboratories, hospital diagnostic units, and cardiac rehabilitation settings.

A Myocardial Perfusion Scan is a cardiac imaging test that assesses blood flow to the heart muscle. It is a functional diagnostic test rather than an anatomic map of the coronary arteries. It is commonly used to evaluate suspected or known coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia. It is typically performed with a stress component and a rest component using a radioactive tracer.

Nuclear Cardiology is a diagnostic imaging field that uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to evaluate heart function. It is most commonly used to assess myocardial perfusion (blood flow) and ventricular function. It sits within cardiovascular diagnostics and functional testing rather than anatomy-only imaging. It is frequently used in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, ischemia, and risk stratification.