Troponin is a group of proteins involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. In clinical medicine, Troponin usually refers to **cardiac Troponin** measured in blood as a marker of heart muscle injury. It is a **diagnostic laboratory test** used most often in emergency and inpatient cardiology. It is commonly used when evaluating **chest pain**, suspected **acute coronary syndrome (ACS)**, and other causes of myocardial injury.
HDL Cholesterol is the amount of cholesterol carried within high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the blood. It is a laboratory value reported on a lipid panel, commonly alongside low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Clinically, it is used in cardiovascular risk assessment and dyslipidemia evaluation rather than as a symptom or a disease. It appears frequently in primary prevention, coronary artery disease (CAD) workups, and long-term cardiometabolic monitoring.
LDL Cholesterol is cholesterol carried in the blood primarily within low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. It is a laboratory measurement used in cardiovascular risk assessment and preventive cardiology. It is most commonly reported as part of a lipid panel (also called a lipid profile). Clinically, it is discussed in the context of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
Triglycerides are the main storage form of fat in the human body. In clinical medicine, Triglycerides are a laboratory biomarker within lipid testing and cardiovascular risk assessment. They reflect aspects of metabolism, nutrition, and lipoprotein physiology. They are commonly discussed in dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and pancreatitis risk.
Hypercholesterolemia means an abnormally elevated level of cholesterol in the blood. It is a metabolic and cardiovascular risk condition rather than a single anatomic disease. It is most often identified through laboratory testing, especially the lipid panel. It is commonly discussed in preventive cardiology and in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the blood, most often cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a metabolic risk condition commonly discussed in preventive cardiology and internal medicine. Clinicians use it to estimate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and guide risk reduction strategies. It is typically identified through laboratory testing, especially the lipid panel.
Orthostatic Hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs after moving to an upright posture. It is a clinical sign related to cardiovascular physiology and autonomic control of circulation. It is most often discussed in evaluation of dizziness, presynptomatic lightheadedness, falls, or syncope. It is commonly assessed at the bedside using orthostatic vital signs or with tilt-table testing.
Hypotension is abnormally low blood pressure that may reduce organ perfusion. It is a physiologic and clinical state discussed in acute care, cardiology, and perioperative medicine. It is commonly recognized during vital sign measurement, triage, and hemodynamic monitoring. It can be a benign baseline finding or a marker of shock and serious cardiovascular disease.
Systemic Hypertension is persistently elevated arterial blood pressure in the systemic circulation. It is a cardiovascular condition defined and tracked using blood pressure measurements (systolic and diastolic). It is commonly discussed in primary care, emergency medicine, cardiology, nephrology, and perioperative medicine. It matters because it is both a disease entity and a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage.
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is abnormally elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation. It is a cardiopulmonary disease concept that links lung vascular physiology to right heart function. It is most commonly discussed in cardiology, pulmonology, critical care, and perioperative medicine. It is identified through clinical evaluation and confirmed with hemodynamic testing.